Ruling 142. Twelve things make an impure object pure; these are known as ‘muṭahhirāt’: (1) water; (2) earth; (3) the sun; (4) transformation (istiḥālah); (5) change (inqilāb); (6) transfer (intiqāl); (7) Islam; (8) subsequence (tabaʿiyyah); (9) removal of the intrinsic impurity; (10) istibrāʾ of an excrement-eating animal; (11) absence of a Muslim; and (12) draining of blood from a slaughtered animal. The rules about these things will be mentioned in detail in the forthcoming rulings (masāʾil).